Weight
loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a
reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or
adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon,
and other connective tissue. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally due
to malnourishment or an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort to
improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state.
"Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in
calorific intake or exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a
serious medical condition. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as
slimming...
Unintentional
Characteristics
weight
loss may result from loss of body fats, loss of body fluids, muscle atrophy, or
even a combination of these...
Technique
The
least methods of weight loss include use of drugs and supplements that decrease
appetite, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume.
Bariatric
surgery may be indicated in cases of severe obesity. Two common bariatric
surgical procedures are gastric
bypass and gastric
banding
Gastric bypass
surgery
Gastric
bypass surgery refers to a surgical procedure in which the stomach is divided
into a small upper pouch and a much larger lower "remnant" pouch and
then the small intestine is rearranged to connect to both. Surgeons have
developed several different ways to reconnect the intestine, thus leading to
several different gastric bypass (GBP) procedures. Any GBP leads to a marked
reduction in the functional volume of the stomach, accompanied by an altered
physiological and physical response to food.
Results and health benefits of gastric
bypass
Weight
loss of 65–80% of excess body weight is typical of most large series of gastric
bypass operations reported. The medically more significant effects include a
dramatic reduction in comorbid conditions:
- Hyperlipidemia
is corrected in over 70% of patients.
- Essential
hypertension is relieved in over 70% of patients, and medication requirements
are usually reduced in the remainder.
- Obstructive
sleep apnea improves markedly with weight loss and bariatric surgery may be
curative for sleep apnea. Snoring also reduces in most patients.
Adjustable gastric
band
is an
inflatable silicone device placed around the top portion of the stomach to
treat obesity, intended to slow consumption of food and thus reduce the amount
of food consumed.
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